Kutheni iziko lomatshini elithe nkqo lifuna ulawulo oluthembekileyo?

《Ukubaluleka koLawulo lokuThembeka kuMaziko oMatshini aNgqo》

Kwimveliso yanamhlanje, amaziko omatshini amileyo, njengezixhobo eziphambili zemveliso, anokuthembeka okubalulekileyo. Umsebenzi wokuthembeka wamaziko omatshini omileyo uquka imiba emibini ephambili: ukuthembeka kweteknoloji yobunjineli kunye nolawulo lokuthembeka. Ulawulo lokuthembeka luthatha indawo ephambili kunye nengundoqo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokuthembeka.

 

I. Amanqanaba amakhulu kunye namancinci olawulo lokuthembeka kumaziko omatshini amileyo
(1) Ulawulo olukhulu
Ulawulo olukhulu lokuthembeka kwamaziko omatshini athe nkqo lubhekisa kulawulo lomsebenzi wokuthembeka ngamasebe afanelekileyo olawulo lukarhulumente, amaphondo kunye nezixeko. Oku kubandakanya ukuqulunqa imigaqo-nkqubo, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho kunye nemimiselo yokubonelela ngemimiselo kunye nesikhokelo sophuhliso loshishino. Ukuqulunqwa kwezicwangciso kunceda ukucacisa ulwalathiso kunye nokugxila komsebenzi wokuthembeka kunye nokukhuthaza imboni yonke ukuba iqhubele phambili kwinjongo yokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ukuthembeka kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho kukuvunywa okugunyazisiweyo komgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuthembeka, ukubonelela ngesiseko sokuba abathengi bakhethe. Ukuhlolwa nokulawula kuqinisekisa ukuba amashishini athobela ngokungqongqo imimiselo efanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso. Ukuseka inkqubo yokulawula kunokudibanisa izixhobo ezivela kuwo onke amaqela kunye nokuphucula ulawulo olusebenzayo. Ukusekwa kothungelwano lokutshintshiselana ngedatha yelizwe kunye nokuthembeka koshishino lukhuthaza ukwabelana kunye notshintshiselwano ngolwazi kwaye lubonelela ngedatha yereferensi ebalulekileyo kumashishini. Utshintshiselwano lobugcisa kunye nemfundo kunye noqeqesho luphucula ngokuqhubekayo inqanaba lobuchwephesha labasebenzi bezoshishino kwaye babeka isiseko sophuhliso oluzinzileyo lomsebenzi wokuthembeka.
(2) Ulawulo oluncinci
Ulawulo oluncinci lokuthembeka kwamaziko omatshini amileyo lulawulo oluthile lomsebenzi wokuthembeka ngamashishini. Amashishini kufuneka enze izicwangciso zophuhliso lokuthembeka, acacise iinjongo kunye nemiyalelo, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba umsebenzi wokuthembeka uhambelana nesicwangciso sophuhliso jikelele seshishini. Ukumiselwa kwezikhokelo kunye neenjongo kunika isikhokelo esithile kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukusekwa kwemithetho nemigaqo kunye nemigangatho yeshishini ibeka emgangathweni iinkqubo zemveliso kunye neenkcukacha zokusebenza kwaye iqinisekisa uzinzo lomgangatho wemveliso. Ukusekwa kwezigqeba zombutho kuqinisekisa ukuba kukho amasebe awodwa kunye nabasebenzi abanoxanduva lomsebenzi wokuthembeka nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukuyila ukuthembeka kunye nokuphonononga ngokupheleleyo kuqwalasela izinto ezithembekileyo kwinqanaba loyilo lwemveliso kwaye ubeke isiseko sokuthembeka okuphezulu kweemveliso. Ulawulo lomgangatho wenkqubo lulawula ngokungqongqo yonke ikhonkco kwinkqubo yokuvelisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wemveliso uhlangabezana nemigangatho. Isicwangciso sovavanyo lokuthembeka sivavanya kwaye siqinisekisa ukuthembeka kweemveliso ngeendlela zovavanyo lwezenzululwazi. Inkonzo emva kokuthengisa iphendula kwiimfuno zabathengi ngexesha elifanelekileyo, isombulula iingxaki ezenzeka ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwemveliso, kwaye iphucula ukwaneliseka kwabathengi. Ukuqokelela, ukuhlalutya, kunye nokulawulwa kwedatha yokuthembeka kubonelela ngesiseko sokuphucula imveliso kunye nokuphucula. Ubukrelekrele kunye notshintshiselwano lobugcisa lwenza ukuba amashishini aqonde iintsingiselo zeshishini zamva nje kunye neendlela zophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ngexesha kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ziphucule ukukhuphisana kwazo. Uqeqesho lwabasebenzi luphucula iimpawu zobuchule zabasebenzi kunye nolwazi lokuthembeka kwaye lubonelela ngenkxaso yetalente kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamashishini.

 

II. Iinjongo kunye nokubaluleka kolawulo lokuthembeka
(1) Ukwandisa iinzuzo zoqoqosho
Ukuze kwandiswe indima yabasebenzi, amandla, izibonelelo zemali, kunye nexesha elityalwe kumsebenzi wokuthembeka kunye nokuvelisa inzuzo yezoqoqosho, ulawulo lokuthembeka kufuneka lwenziwe. Ulawulo lokuthembeka lunokulungelelanisa izibonelelo kwaye luphephe inkcitho yemithombo. Ngeendlela zolawulo lwenzululwazi, ukusebenza kakuhle kuphuculwe kwaye iindleko zokuvelisa ziyancitshiswa. Kwangaxeshanye, iimveliso ezinokuthembeka okuphezulu kunokunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa kunye nokutshintshwa, ukwandisa ubomi benkonzo yeemveliso, kunye nokuzisa inzuzo yezoqoqosho kumashishini.
(2) Isitshixo ekusombululeni iimveliso ezingathembekanga
Ulawulo olungafanelekanga sisizathu esibalulekileyo seemveliso ezingathembekanga. Ngokweziphumo zohlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani zokungaphumeleli kwemveliso ethile, malunga ne-40% - 60% yokungaphumeleli kubangelwa ulawulo olubi. Emva kokuba ulawulo lokuthembeka luqinisiwe, ukuthembeka kweemveliso kunokuphuculwa kakhulu. Ukulawula ukuthembeka kunokuqala kumthombo, ukulungelelanisa amakhonkco ahlukeneyo afana nokuyila, ukuvelisa, kunye nokukhutshwa ngaphandle, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ikhonkco ngalinye lihlangabezana neemfuno zokuthembeka. Ngolawulo olusebenzayo, iingxaki zinokufunyanwa kwaye zisonjululwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuthintela ukwanda kweengxaki. Kwangaxeshanye, ulawulo lokuthembeka lunokuphucula imvakalelo yoxanduva lwabasebenzi kunye nomdla wokusebenza, ukudala umoya osebenza kakuhle, kunye nokubonelela ngesiqinisekiso sokuthembeka kweemveliso.
(3) Ukuphucula ukhuphiswano lwemarike
Ukuthembeka kweemveliso kubandakanya amasebe afana noyilo, ukuvelisa, ukuthunyelwa kwangaphandle, kunye nabasebenzisi, kwaye kubandakanya imimandla yobugcisa eyahlukeneyo. Ke ngoko, ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuthembeka kunye nokwandisa ukukhuphisana kwemarike, ulawulo lokuthembeka kufuneka lwenziwe kakuhle. Kukhuphiswano lwemarike lwanamhlanje olukhulayo, abathengi baneemfuno eziphezulu neziphezulu zomgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuthembeka. Iimveliso ezinokuthembeka okuphezulu zinokuphumelela ukuthembela kunye nodumo lwabathengi kunye nokwandisa isabelo semarike. Ulawulo lokuthembeka lunokudibanisa izixhobo zangaphakathi nangaphandle zamashishini, zenze amandla adibeneyo, kunye nokuphucula ngokubambisana ukuthembeka kweemveliso. Ngokusebenzisana ngokusondeleyo namasebe afana noyilo, ukuvelisa, kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle, qinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zihlangabezana neemfuno zokuthembeka kuwo onke amakhonkco. Kwangaxeshanye, gcina unxibelelwano oluhle nabasebenzisi, uqonde iimfuno zabasebenzisi kunye nempendulo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, uphucula ngokuqhubekayo iimveliso, kwaye uphucule ukwaneliseka komsebenzisi.
(4) Ukuqinisekisa ukufezekiswa kweteknoloji yokuthembeka
Ulawulo lokuthembeka alunakuqinisekisa kuphela ukufezekiswa kobuchwephesha obuthembekileyo kodwa kwakhona sisigqibo esikhulu sezoqoqosho kunye nezobugcisa kumashishini. Kuphela ngokuphumeza ulawulo lokuthembeka ngelixa ukukhuthaza iteknoloji yokuthembeka kunokuqinisekiswa ukuthembeka kweemveliso. Itekhnoloji yokuthembeka yindlela yokuphucula ukuthembeka kwemveliso, kunye nokulawula ukuthembeka kusiqinisekiso sokuphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo kobugcisa. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zolawulo lwezenzululwazi, cwangcisa ngokusengqiqweni inkqubela phambili yophando lwetekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa, kwaye uqinisekise ubume obuphambili kunye nokusebenza kobuchwepheshe. Kwangaxeshanye, ulawulo lokuthembeka lungaphinda luvavanye kunye nengxelo malunga nesiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwethekhnoloji kunye nokubonelela ngesiseko sokuphucula ngakumbi iteknoloji.

 

III. Ukubaluleka kolawulo lokuthembeka kwimbono yomjikelezo opheleleyo wobomi beemveliso
Ukusuka kumbono wokuphucula ukuthembeka kwemveliso, uyilo sisiseko, ukuvelisa isiqinisekiso, uvavanyo luvavanyo, ukusetyenziswa kukubonakaliswa, kwaye ulawulo lungundoqo. Kumjikelo opheleleyo wobomi beemveliso, ulawulo lokuthembeka luhamba ngalo lonke ixesha.
Kwinqanaba loyilo, ulawulo lokuthembeka luqinisekisa ukuba abaqulunqi baqwalasela ngokupheleleyo izinto ezithembekileyo kwaye bamkele iindlela zokuyila eziphambili kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuphucula ukuthembeka kwemveliso. Ngokuyila ukuthembeka kunye nokuphononongwa, ukuhlolwa okungqongqo kuyenziwa kwiskimu soyilo ukuphepha iingxaki ezinokuthi zithembeke.
Kwinqanaba lokuvelisa, ulawulo lokuthembeka lulawula ngokungqongqo umgangatho kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba yonke icandelo lihlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho. Amanyathelo afana nolawulo lomgangatho wenkqubo kunye nolawulo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle luqinisekisa umgangatho wokwenziwa kweemveliso. Kwangaxeshanye, ngoqeqesho lwabasebenzi kunye nolawulo, izakhono zokusebenza zabasebenzi kunye nemvakalelo yoxanduva ziyaphuculwa, kwaye ifuthe leemeko zabantu kumgangatho wemveliso liyancitshiswa.
Kwinqanaba lovavanyo, ulawulo lokuthembeka luqulunqa isicwangciso sovavanyo lwezenzululwazi ukuvavanya ngokubanzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kweemveliso. Ngovavanyo, iingxaki ezinokubakho zeemveliso zinokufunyanwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye zibonelela ngesiseko sokuphuculwa kwemveliso kunye nokuphucula.
Kwinqanaba lokusetyenziswa, ulawulo lokuthembeka luphendula kwiimfuno zabathengi ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngenkonzo emva kokuthengisa kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ezenzeka ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwemveliso. Kwangaxeshanye, qokelela ulwazi lwengxelo yomsebenzisi ukubonelela ngereferensi yokuphucula ngakumbi iimveliso.
Ukuqukumbela, amaziko omatshini amileyo afuna ulawulo oluthembekileyo kuba ulawulo lokuthembeka ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kuwo omabini amanqanaba amakhulu kunye namancinci. Ayinako nje ukuvelisa inzuzo yezoqoqosho, icombulule ingxaki yeemveliso ezingathembekanga, yandise ukukhuphisana kweemarike, kodwa ikwaqinisekisa ukufezekiswa kobuxhakaxhaka bokuthembeka. Kumjikelo opheleleyo wobomi beemveliso, ulawulo lokuthembeka luyinto ephambili ekuphuculeni ukuthembeka kwemveliso. Kuphela ngokomeleza ulawulo lokuthembeka kunokuvelisa iimveliso ezinokuthembeka okuphezulu ezihlangabezana neemfuno zabasebenzisi kwaye zikhuthaze uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lokuvelisa.