I. Imigaqo kunye neMiba ePhembelelayo yokuKhuphuka kokugaya kunye nokugaya okuqhelekileyo kwi-CNC Milling Machines
(A) Imigaqo kunye neempembelelo eziNxulumeneyo zokuKhuphuka kweMilling
Ngexesha lenkqubo yomatshini wokugaya umatshini we-CNC, ukunyuka kokugaya yindlela ethile yokugaya. Xa ulwalathiso olujikelezayo lwenxalenye apho umsiki wokusila uqhagamshelana ne-workpiece iyafana nesalathiso sokutya se-workpiece, ibizwa ngokuba yi-click milling. Le ndlela yokusila inxulumene ngokusondeleyo neempawu zesakhiwo somatshini womatshini wokusila, ngakumbi ukucocwa phakathi kwe-nut kunye ne-screw. Kwimeko yokunyuka kwe-milling, ekubeni icandelo lokusila elithe tye liya kutshintsha kwaye kukho ukucocwa phakathi kwe-screw kunye ne-nut, oku kuya kubangela ukuba i-worktable kunye ne-screw ihambe ngasekhohlo nasekunene. Le ntshukumo yamaxesha athile yingxaki ebalulekileyo ejongene nokunyuka, okwenza intshukumo yetafile yokusebenzela ingazinzi kakhulu. Umonakalo kwisixhobo sokusika esibangelwa yile ntshukumo engazinzanga icacile kwaye kulula ukwenza umonakalo kumazinyo esixhobo sokusika.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yomatshini wokugaya umatshini we-CNC, ukunyuka kokugaya yindlela ethile yokugaya. Xa ulwalathiso olujikelezayo lwenxalenye apho umsiki wokusila uqhagamshelana ne-workpiece iyafana nesalathiso sokutya se-workpiece, ibizwa ngokuba yi-click milling. Le ndlela yokusila inxulumene ngokusondeleyo neempawu zesakhiwo somatshini womatshini wokusila, ngakumbi ukucocwa phakathi kwe-nut kunye ne-screw. Kwimeko yokunyuka kwe-milling, ekubeni icandelo lokusila elithe tye liya kutshintsha kwaye kukho ukucocwa phakathi kwe-screw kunye ne-nut, oku kuya kubangela ukuba i-worktable kunye ne-screw ihambe ngasekhohlo nasekunene. Le ntshukumo yamaxesha athile yingxaki ebalulekileyo ejongene nokunyuka, okwenza intshukumo yetafile yokusebenzela ingazinzi kakhulu. Umonakalo kwisixhobo sokusika esibangelwa yile ntshukumo engazinzanga icacile kwaye kulula ukwenza umonakalo kumazinyo esixhobo sokusika.
Nangona kunjalo, ukukhwela ukukhwela kuneengenelo zayo ezizodwa. Isalathiso samandla ecandelo lokusila elithe nkqo ngexesha lokunyuka kukucofa i-workpiece kwi-worktable. Kule meko, i-sliding and friction phenomena phakathi kwamazinyo esixhobo sokusika kunye nomatshini owenziweyo uncinci. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yomatshini. Okokuqala, kunenzuzo ukunciphisa ukunxiba kwamazinyo kwisixhobo sokusika. Ukunciphisa ukunxiba kwamazinyo kwisixhobo sokusika kuthetha ukuba ubomi benkonzo yesixhobo sokusika bunokwandiswa, ukunciphisa iindleko zomatshini. Okwesibini, oku kungqubana kuncinci kunokunciphisa ukuqina komsebenzi. Ukuqiniswa komsebenzi kuya kwandisa ubunzima bezinto zokusebenza, ezingenakulungelelaniswa neenkqubo zomatshini ezilandelayo. Ukunciphisa ukuqina komsebenzi kunceda ukuqinisekisa umgangatho womatshini we-workpiece. Ukongeza, ukunyuka kokugaya kunokunciphisa uburhabaxa bomphezulu, kwenze umphezulu womsebenzi owenziwe ngoomatshini ube mtyibilizi, nto leyo iluncedo kakhulu kumatshini wokusebenza oneemfuno eziphezulu zomgangatho womphezulu.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-clipping milling kunemiqathango ethile. Xa ukucocwa phakathi kwe-screw kunye ne-nut ye-worktable inokulungiswa ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-0.03 mm, iingenelo zokunyuka kwe-milling zingenziwa ngcono ngenxa yokuba ingxaki yokunyakaza inokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo ngeli xesha. Ukongeza, xa usila ii-workpieces ezibhityileyo kunye nezinde, ukukhwela ukukhwela kulukhetho olungcono. Izinto zokusebenza ezincinci kunye nezide zifuna iimeko zokuzinza ngakumbi ngexesha lenkqubo yomatshini. I-vertical component force of climbing milling inceda ukulungisa i-workpiece kunye nokunciphisa iingxaki ezifana ne-deformation ngexesha lenkqubo yomatshini.
(B) Imigaqo-siseko kunye neempembelelo eziNxulumeneyo zokuSila okuSiko
Ukungqusha okuqhelekileyo kuchasene nokunyuka kokunyuka. Xa ulwalathiso olujikelezayo lwenxalenye apho umsiki wokusila uqhagamshelana ne-workpiece yahlukile kwi-feed 方向 ye-workpiece, ibizwa ngokuba yi-milling yesiqhelo. Ngexesha lokusila eliqhelekileyo, isalathiso samandla ecandelo lokusila ngokuthe nkqo kukuphakamisa i-workpiece, okuya kubangela ukuba umgama wokutyibilika phakathi kwamazinyo esixhobo sokusika kunye nomphezulu owenziwe ngoomatshini ukwandisa kunye nokukhuhlana kwandiswe. Oku kungqubana kukhulu kuya kuzisa uthotho lweengxaki, ezinjengokonyusa ukunxitywa kwesixhobo sokusika kunye nokwenza ukuba umsebenzi uqina isenzeko somphezulu womatshini ube nzulu ngakumbi. Ukuqiniswa komsebenzi womgangatho owenziwe ngomatshini kuya kwandisa ubunzima bomhlaba, ukunciphisa ukuqina kwezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye kunokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho womgangatho weenkqubo zomatshini ezilandelayo.
Ukungqusha okuqhelekileyo kuchasene nokunyuka kokunyuka. Xa ulwalathiso olujikelezayo lwenxalenye apho umsiki wokusila uqhagamshelana ne-workpiece yahlukile kwi-feed 方向 ye-workpiece, ibizwa ngokuba yi-milling yesiqhelo. Ngexesha lokusila eliqhelekileyo, isalathiso samandla ecandelo lokusila ngokuthe nkqo kukuphakamisa i-workpiece, okuya kubangela ukuba umgama wokutyibilika phakathi kwamazinyo esixhobo sokusika kunye nomphezulu owenziwe ngoomatshini ukwandisa kunye nokukhuhlana kwandiswe. Oku kungqubana kukhulu kuya kuzisa uthotho lweengxaki, ezinjengokonyusa ukunxitywa kwesixhobo sokusika kunye nokwenza ukuba umsebenzi uqina isenzeko somphezulu womatshini ube nzulu ngakumbi. Ukuqiniswa komsebenzi womgangatho owenziwe ngomatshini kuya kwandisa ubunzima bomhlaba, ukunciphisa ukuqina kwezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye kunokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho womgangatho weenkqubo zomatshini ezilandelayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukungqusha okuqhelekileyo nako kuneengenelo zako. Isalathiso samandla ecandelo lokusila elithe tye ngexesha lokusila eliqhelekileyo lichasene nesalathiso sentshukumo yesondlo sesixhobo sokusebenza. Olu phawu lunceda isikrufu kunye ne nut ukuba zilingane ngokuqinileyo. Kule meko, ukuhamba kwe-worktable kuzinzile. Xa i-workpieces yokugaya i-workpieces enobunzima obungalinganiyo njenge-castings kunye ne-forgings, apho kunokubakho izikhumba ezinzima phezu komhlaba kunye nezinye iimeko ezinzima, ukuzinza kokugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokunciphisa ukuguga kwamazinyo esixhobo sokusika. Ngenxa yokuba xa usenza izixhobo zokusebenza ezinjalo, isixhobo sokusika kufuneka simelane namandla amakhulu okusika kunye neemeko ezinzima zokusika. Ukuba ukunyakaza kwe-worktable ayizinzile, kuya kwandisa umonakalo kwisixhobo sokusika, kwaye ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokunciphisa le meko kwinqanaba elithile.
II. Uhlahlelo oluneenkcukacha lweempawu zokuKhuphuka kokugaya kunye nokugaya okuqhelekileyo kwi-CNC Milling Machines
(A) Uhlalutyo olunzulu lweempawu zokuKhuphuka kweMilling
- Utshintsho kwi-Cutting Thickness kunye neNkqubo yokusika
Ngexesha lokunyuka kokugaya, ubukhulu bokusika izinyo ngalinye lesixhobo sokusika bubonisa iphethini yokunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwincinci ukuya enkulu. Xa izinyo lesixhobo sokusika lidibanisa nje i-workpiece, ubukhulu bokusika buyi-zero. Oku kuthetha ukuba inyo yesixhobo sokusika isilayidi kwindawo yokusika eshiywe yizinyo zangaphambili zesixhobo sokusika kwinqanaba lokuqala. Kuphela xa izinyo lesixhobo sokusika sislayidisela umgama othile kule ndawo yokusika kwaye ubukhulu bokusika bufikelela kwixabiso elithile, ngaba izinyo lesixhobo sokusika liqala ngokwenene ukusika. Le ndlela yokutshintsha ubukhulu bokusika yahluke kakhulu kuleyo yokusila eqhelekileyo. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokusika, le ndlela yokuqala yokuqala yokusika inempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekugqokeni isixhobo sokusika. Ekubeni izinyo lesixhobo sokusika sinenkqubo ye-sliding ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukusika, impembelelo kwi-cut cut yesixhobo sokusika incinci, enenzuzo ekukhuseleni isixhobo sokusika. - Indlela yokusika kunye nokuNxitywa kwesixhobo
Xa kuthelekiswa nokugaya okuqhelekileyo, indlela ehamba ngayo amazinyo esixhobo sokusika kwindawo yokusebenza ngexesha lokunyuka imfutshane. Oku kungenxa yokuba indlela yokusika yokunyuka kokugaya yenza indlela yokudibanisa phakathi kwesixhobo sokusika kunye ne-workpiece ngokuthe ngqo. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokusika, ukunxiba kwesixhobo sokusika xa usebenzisa ukukhwela ukukhwela kuncinci. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukunyuka kokugaya akufanelanga zonke izixhobo zokusebenza. Ekubeni amazinyo esixhobo sokusika aqala ukusika ukusuka kumphezulu womsebenzi ngexesha ngalinye, ukuba kukho ulusu oluqinileyo phezu kwendawo yokusebenza, njengamanye ama-workpieces emva kokuphosa okanye ukukhwabanisa ngaphandle kokunyanga, ukunyuka kwe-milling akufanelekanga. Ngenxa yokuba ukuqina kwesikhumba esinzima kuphezulu kakhulu, kuya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kumazinyo esixhobo sokusika, ukukhawulezisa ukunxiba kwesixhobo sokusika, kwaye kunokonakalisa isixhobo sokusika. - Ukuguqulwa kokusika kunye nokuSetyenziswa kwamandla
Umyinge wokusika ubukhulu ngexesha lokunyuka kokugaya likhulu, okwenza i-deformation yokusika ibencinci. I-deformation encinci yokusika ithetha ukuba uxinzelelo kunye nokusabalalisa ukusabalalisa kwezinto zokusebenza ngexesha lenkqubo yokusika kufana kakhulu, ukunciphisa iingxaki ze-machine ezibangelwa ukugxilwa kwengcinezelo yendawo. Kwangaxeshanye, xa kuthelekiswa nokugaya okuqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunyuka kuncinci. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okusika phakathi kwesixhobo sokusika kunye ne-workpiece ngexesha lokunyuka kwe-milling kunengqiqo ngakumbi, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okungadingekile kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle komatshini. Kwiimveliso ezinkulu okanye iimeko zomatshini ezineemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwamandla, olu phawu lokunyuka kokugaya lunokubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho.
(B) Uhlalutyo olunzulu lweeMpawu zokuSila ngokuQhelekileyo
- Ukuzinza kweMovement ye-Worktable
Ngexesha lokusila eliqhelekileyo, ekubeni isalathiso samandla okusika othe tye asetyenziswa ngumsiki wokusila kwi-workpiece echasene nesalathiso sentshukumo yokutya ye-workpiece, i-screw kunye ne-nut ye-worktable inokuhlala igcina icala elinye lomsonto ngokusondeleyo. Olu phawu luqinisekisa ukuzinza okuhambelana nokuhamba kwetafile yokusebenza. Ngexesha lenkqubo yomatshini, intshukumo ezinzileyo yetafile yokusebenza yenye yezinto eziphambili eziqinisekisa ukuchaneka komatshini. Xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kokugaya, ngexesha lokunyuka, njengoko isalathiso samandla okusila okuthe tye siyafana nesalathiso sentshukumo yokutya kwesixhobo sokusebenza, xa amandla aqhutywa ngamazinyo esixhobo sokusika kwisixhobo sokusebenza sikhulu ngokwentelekiso, ngenxa yobukho bococeko phakathi kwesikrufu kunye nendongomane yetafile yokusebenzela, itafile yokusebenzela iya kunyuka isihla. Le ntshukumo ayiphazamisi nje kuphela ukuzinza kwenkqubo yokusika, ichaphazela umgangatho we-machining we-workpiece, kodwa inokulimaza kakhulu isixhobo sokusika. Ke ngoko, kwezinye iimeko zomatshini ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokuchaneka komatshini kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zokhuseleko lwesixhobo, inzuzo yokuzinza yokugaya eqhelekileyo yenza kube lukhetho olufanelekileyo. - Umgangatho woMphezulu oMachithiweyo
Ngexesha lokugaya okuqhelekileyo, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamazinyo esixhobo sokusika kunye ne-workpiece inkulu kakhulu, eyona nto ibalaseleyo yokugaya okuqhelekileyo. Ingxabano enkulu kakhulu iya kubangela ukuba umsebenzi owenziwe lukhuni womphezulu owenziwe ngoomatshini ube mandundu ngakumbi. Ukuqiniswa komsebenzi we-machaged surface kuya kwandisa ubunzima bomhlaba, ukunciphisa ubunzima bezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye kunokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho womgangatho weenkqubo zomatshini ezilandelayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwamanye ama-machining workpiece efuna ukugaya okulandelayo okanye ukuchaneka okuphezulu, umgangatho obandayo onzima emva kokugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokufuna iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo zonyango ukuphelisa umaleko obandayo ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno zokwenza. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko ezithile, njengaxa kukho imfuneko ethile yokuqina komphezulu wesixhobo sokusebenza okanye inkqubo elandelayo yomatshini ayinabungozi kumphezulu obandayo oqinileyo, olu phawu lokusila lunokusetyenziswa.
III. IiNdlela zokuKhetha zokuSila ukuNqa kunye neSiqhelo sokuSila kuMachining oYiyo
Kumatshini wokugaya we-CNC wokwenene, ukhetho lokusila lokunyuka okanye ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto ezininzi ngokubanzi. Okokuqala, iimpawu eziphathekayo ze-workpiece kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ukuba ukuqina kwezinto zokusebenza kuphezulu kakhulu kwaye kukho ulusu oluqinileyo phezu komhlaba, njengamanye ama-castings kunye ne-forgings, ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokuba yinto ekhethekileyo kuba ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokunciphisa ukunxiba kwesixhobo sokusika ukuya kwinqanaba elithile kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwenkqubo yokugaya. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukuqina kwesixhobo sokusebenza kuyafana kwaye kukho imfuneko ephezulu yomgangatho womphezulu, njengokusebenza kweendawo ezithile zoomatshini ezichanekileyo, ukukhwela ukukhwela kuneengenelo ezininzi. Inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo uburhabaxa bomphezulu kwaye iphucule umgangatho wendawo yokusebenza.
Kumatshini wokugaya we-CNC wokwenene, ukhetho lokusila lokunyuka okanye ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto ezininzi ngokubanzi. Okokuqala, iimpawu eziphathekayo ze-workpiece kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ukuba ukuqina kwezinto zokusebenza kuphezulu kakhulu kwaye kukho ulusu oluqinileyo phezu komhlaba, njengamanye ama-castings kunye ne-forgings, ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokuba yinto ekhethekileyo kuba ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokunciphisa ukunxiba kwesixhobo sokusika ukuya kwinqanaba elithile kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwenkqubo yokugaya. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukuqina kwesixhobo sokusebenza kuyafana kwaye kukho imfuneko ephezulu yomgangatho womphezulu, njengokusebenza kweendawo ezithile zoomatshini ezichanekileyo, ukukhwela ukukhwela kuneengenelo ezininzi. Inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo uburhabaxa bomphezulu kwaye iphucule umgangatho wendawo yokusebenza.
Ubume kunye nobukhulu be-workpiece zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokuqwalaselwa. Kwizixhobo zokusebenza ezibhityileyo nezinde, ukukhwela ukukhwela kunceda ukunciphisa uguqulo lwesixhobo sokusebenza ngexesha lenkqubo yomatshini kuba amandla athe nkqo ecandelo lokunyuka angacinezela i-workpiece engcono kwitafile yokusebenza. Kwezinye iindawo zokusebenza ezinemilo enzima kunye nobukhulu obukhulu, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ngokubanzi ukuzinza kokunyakaza okusebenzayo kunye nokunxiba kwesixhobo sokusika. Ukuba imfuno yozinzo lwentshukumo yokusebenza ngexesha lenkqubo yomatshini iphezulu, ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokuba lukhetho olufanelekileyo; ukuba ingqwalasela engakumbi ihlawulwe ekunciphiseni ukunxiba kwesixhobo sokusika kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle komatshini, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezihlangabezana neemfuno zomatshini, ukunyuka kokugaya kunokuqwalaselwa.
Ukongezelela, ukusebenza komatshini womatshini wokugaya ngokwawo kuya kuchaphazela ukukhethwa kokunyuka kunye nokugaya okuqhelekileyo. Ukuba ukucocwa phakathi kwe-screw kunye ne-nut yomshini wokugaya kunokulungelelaniswa ngokuchanekileyo kwixabiso elincinci, elingaphantsi kwe-0.03 mm, ngoko ke inzuzo yokunyuka kokugaya inokwenziwa ngcono. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukuchaneka komatshini kumatshini wokugaya kunqunyelwe kwaye ingxaki yokucima ayikwazi ukulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kunokuba lukhetho olukhuselekileyo lokuphepha iingxaki zomgangatho womatshini kunye nomonakalo wesixhobo obangelwa ukuhamba kwetafile yokusebenza. Ukuqukumbela, kumatshini wokugaya i-CNC, indlela yokugaya efanelekileyo yokunyuka okanye ukugaya okuqhelekileyo kufuneka kukhethwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokweemfuno ezithile zomatshini kunye neemeko zezixhobo zokuphumeza isiphumo esihle somatshini.