《IiMfuneko kunye nokuPhuculwa kweSpindle Components of CNC Milling Machines》
I. Intshayelelo
Njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokusebenza kwishishini lemveliso yanamhlanje, ukusebenza koomatshini bokugaya be-CNC kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wokuqhuba kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Njengenye yezinto eziphambili zoomatshini bokugaya be-CNC, icandelo lokuphotha lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kwesixhobo somatshini. Icandelo lokuphotha liqulunqwe yi-spindle, inkxaso ye-spindle, iindawo ezijikelezayo ezifakwe kwi-spindle, kunye nezinto zokutywina. Ngexesha lokucubungula isixhobo somatshini, i-spindle iqhuba isixhobo sokusebenza okanye isixhobo sokusika ukuba sithathe inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwintshukumo yokwenza umphezulu. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda iimfuno zecandelo lokuphotha koomatshini bokugaya be-CNC kunye nokuqhuba uyilo oluphuculweyo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kunye nomgangatho wokusetyenzwa kwesixhobo somatshini.
Njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokusebenza kwishishini lemveliso yanamhlanje, ukusebenza koomatshini bokugaya be-CNC kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wokuqhuba kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Njengenye yezinto eziphambili zoomatshini bokugaya be-CNC, icandelo lokuphotha lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kwesixhobo somatshini. Icandelo lokuphotha liqulunqwe yi-spindle, inkxaso ye-spindle, iindawo ezijikelezayo ezifakwe kwi-spindle, kunye nezinto zokutywina. Ngexesha lokucubungula isixhobo somatshini, i-spindle iqhuba isixhobo sokusebenza okanye isixhobo sokusika ukuba sithathe inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwintshukumo yokwenza umphezulu. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda iimfuno zecandelo lokuphotha koomatshini bokugaya be-CNC kunye nokuqhuba uyilo oluphuculweyo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kunye nomgangatho wokusetyenzwa kwesixhobo somatshini.
II. Iimfuno zeSpindle Components of CNC Milling Machines
- Ukuchaneka okuphezulu kokujikeleza
Xa i-spindle yomatshini wokusila we-CNC wenza intshukumo ejikelezayo, i-trajectory yenqaku kunye ne-zero linear velocity ibizwa ngokuba yi-rotational centerline ye-spindle. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, indawo yendawo ye-centerline yokujikeleza kufuneka ilungiswe kwaye ingatshintshi, ebizwa ngokuba yindawo efanelekileyo yokujikeleza. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yempembelelo yezinto ezahlukeneyo kwicandelo le-spindle, indawo yendawo ye-rotational centerline itshintsha umzuzu ngamnye. Indawo yokwenyani yendawo yomgca osembindini ojikelezayo ngephanyazo ibizwa ngokuba yindawo ekhawulezileyo yomgca osembindini ojikelezayo. Umgama onxulumene ne-centerline efanelekileyo yokujikeleza yimpazamo yokujikeleza kwe-spindle. Uluhlu lwempazamo yokujikeleza kukuchaneka okujikelezayo kwe-spindle.
Impazamo yeradial, impazamo ye-angular, kunye nempazamo ye-axial ayifane ibekho yodwa. Xa impazamo yeradial kunye nempazamo ye-angular zikhona ngaxeshanye, zenza ukuphuma kweradial; xa impazamo ye-axial kunye nempazamo ye-angular zikhona ngaxeshanye, zenza ukubaleka kobuso besiphelo. Ukusetyenzwa komgangatho ophezulu kufuna ukuba i-spindle ibe nokuchaneka okuphezulu kakhulu okujikelezayo ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokusetyenzwa kwee-workpieces. - Ukuqina okuphezulu
Ukuqina kwecandelo lokusonta lomatshini wokusila we-CNC kubhekiselele kubuchule bento yokusonta ukuxhathisa inguquko xa iphantsi kokunyanzelwa. Okukhona ukuqina kwecandelo lokusonta, okuncinci ukuguqulwa kwe-spindle emva kokunyanzeliswa. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo sokusika amandla kunye namanye amandla, i-spindle iya kuvelisa i-deformation elastic. Ukuba ukuqina kwecandelo le-spindle akwanelanga, kuya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuchaneka kokucubungula, ukulimaza iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza kweebheringi, ukukhawuleza ukugqoka, kunye nokunciphisa ukuchaneka.
Ukuqina kwe-spindle kuhambelana nobukhulu besakhiwo se-spindle, inkxaso yenkxaso, uhlobo kunye nokucwangciswa kweebheringi ezikhethiweyo, ukulungiswa kwe-bearing clearance, kunye nokuma kwezinto ezijikelezayo kwi-spindle. Uyilo olunengqiqo lwesakhiwo se-spindle, ukukhethwa kweebheringi ezifanelekileyo kunye neendlela zokucwangcisa, kunye nokulungelelaniswa okufanelekileyo kwe-bearing clearance kunokuphucula ukuqina kwecandelo le-spindle. - Ukumelana nokungcangcazela okunamandla
Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-vibration yecandelo le-spindle yomshini wokugaya we-CNC kubhekiselele kwisakhono se-spindle ukuze sihlale sizinzile kwaye singangcangcazeli ngexesha lokusika. Ukuba ukuxhathisa kwe-vibration yecandelo lokuphotha akubi, kulula ukuvelisa ukungcangcazela ngexesha lomsebenzi, okuchaphazela umgangatho wokucubungula kunye nokonakalisa izixhobo zokusika kunye nezixhobo zoomatshini.
Ukuphucula ukuxhathisa kwe-vibration yecandelo lokuphotha, iibheringi zangaphambili ezinomlinganiselo omkhulu wokudambisa zihlala zisetyenziswa. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-absorbers yokothuka kufuneka ifakwe ukwenza ukuphindaphinda kwendalo yecandelo lokuphotha libe likhulu kakhulu kunobuninzi bamandla okuvuselela. Ukongeza, ukuxhathisa ukungcangcazela kwe-spindle nako kunokwandiswa ngokulungisa ubume be-spindle kunye nokuphucula ukusetyenzwa kunye nokuchaneka kwendibano. - Ukunyuka kobushushu obuphantsi
Ukunyuka kobushushu obugqithisileyo ngexesha lokusebenza kwecandelo lokuphotha lomatshini wokugaya we-CNC kunokubangela iziphumo ezininzi ezibi. Okokuqala, icandelo le-spindle kunye nebhokisi liya kuguqulwa ngenxa yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, okubangelwa utshintsho kwiindawo ezihambelanayo ze-rotational centerline ye-spindle kunye nezinye izinto zesixhobo somatshini, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka kokucubungula. Okwesibini, izinto ezinjengeebheringi ziya kutshintsha ukucoceka okulungisiweyo ngenxa yokushisa okugqithisileyo, ukutshabalalisa iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokuthambisa, kuchaphazela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweebheringi, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, nokuba kubangele "ukuthwala ukubamba" isiganeko.
Ukusombulula ingxaki yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, oomatshini be-CNC basebenzisa i-spindle box yeqondo lobushushu rhoqo. I-spindle ipholiswa ngenkqubo yokupholisa ukugcina ubushushu be-spindle ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile. Kwangaxeshanye, ukhetho olufanelekileyo lweentlobo zokuthwala, iindlela zokuthambisa, kunye nezakhiwo zokulahla ubushushu kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo ukunyuka kobushushu be-spindle. - Ukumelana nokunxiba kakuhle
Inxalenye ye-spindle yomatshini wokugaya i-CNC kufuneka ibe nokumelana okwaneleyo kokunxiba ukuze kugcinwe ukuchaneka ixesha elide. Iindawo ezigugileyo ngokulula kwi-spindle zizinto zokufakela izixhobo zokusika okanye izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nomphezulu wokusebenza we-spindle xa ihamba. Ukuphucula ukuxhatshazwa kokugqoka, iinxalenye ezingentla ze-spindle kufuneka zibe nzima, ezifana nokucima, i-carburizing, njl., Ukwandisa ubunzima kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokugqoka.
Iibheringi zokuphotha zikwafuna ukuthambisa okulungileyo ukunciphisa ukukhuhlana kunye nokuguga kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa ukunxiba. Ukukhetha i-lubricant efanelekileyo kunye neendlela zokuthambisa kunye nokugcina rhoqo i-spindle kunokwandisa ubomi benkonzo yecandelo lokuphotha.
III. UYilo loPhuculo lwe-Spindle Components of CNC Milling Machines
- Ukulungiswa kolwakhiwo
Yila ngokufanelekileyo ubume besakhiwo kunye nobukhulu be-spindle ukunciphisa ubunzima kunye nomzuzu we-inertia ye-spindle kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza okuguquguqukayo kwe-spindle. Umzekelo, ulwakhiwo olungenamngxuma oluphothayo lunokwamkelwa ukunciphisa ubunzima be-spindle ngelixa kuphuculwa ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokungcangcazela kwe-spindle.
Lungiselela ubude benkxaso kunye nokuthwala uqwalaselo lwe-spindle. Ngokweemfuno zokucubungula kunye neempawu zesakhiwo sesixhobo somatshini, khetha iintlobo ezifanelekileyo zokuthwala kunye nobuninzi bokuphucula ukuqina kunye nokuchaneka kokujikeleza kwe-spindle.
Yamkela iinkqubo zokwenziwa eziphucukileyo kunye nezixhobo zokuphucula ukuchaneka kokulungiswa kunye nomgangatho womphezulu we-spindle, ukunciphisa ukungqubana kunye nokunxiba, kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye nobomi benkonzo ye-spindle. - Ukukhetha ukhetho kunye nokwenza ngcono
Khetha iintlobo ezifanelekileyo zokuthwala kunye neenkcukacha. Ngokwezinto ezifana nesantya se-spindle, umthwalo, kunye neemfuno ezichanekileyo, khetha iibheringi ezinokuqina okuphezulu, ukuchaneka okuphezulu, kunye nokusebenza kwesantya esiphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, iibhereyi zebhola zoqhagamshelwano ze-angular, ii-cylindrical roller bearings, ii-tapered roller bearings, njl.
Lungiselela ukulayishwa kwangaphambili kunye nohlengahlengiso lokucocwa kweebheringi. Ngokulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo ukulayishwa kwangaphambili kunye nokukhutshwa kweebheringi, ukuqina kunye nokuchaneka okujikelezayo kwe-spindle kunokuphuculwa, ngelixa ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kunye nokunyakaza kweebheringi kunokunciphisa.
Yamkela iteknoloji yokuthambisa kunye nokupholisa. Khetha izithambiso ezifanelekileyo kunye neendlela zokuthambisa, ezinje ngokuthambisa inkungu yeoyile, ukuthambisa komoya we-oyile, kunye nokuthambisa okujikelezayo, ukuphucula isiphumo sokuthambisa seebheringi, ukunciphisa ukungqubana nokunxiba. Ngexesha elifanayo, sebenzisa inkqubo yokupholisa ukupholisa iibheringi kunye nokugcina ubushushu bokuthwala ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo. - Uyilo lokuxhathisa ukungcangcazela
Yamkela izakhiwo ezifunxa ukothuka kunye nemathiriyeli, njengokufakela i-absorbers ezothusayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezimanzi, ukunciphisa impendulo ye-vibration ye-spindle.
Lungiselela uyilo oluguquguqukayo lwebhalansi ye-spindle. Ngokulungiswa kolungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo oluguquguqukayo, nciphisa inani elingalinganiyo le-spindle kunye nokunciphisa ukungcangcazela kunye nengxolo.
Ukuphucula ukusetyenzwa kunye nokuchaneka kwendibano ye-spindle ukunciphisa ukungcangcazela okubangelwa yimpazamo yokuvelisa kunye nokuhlanganisa okungafanelekanga. - Ukulawula ukunyuka kobushushu
Yila ulwakhiwo olufanelekileyo lokuchitha ubushushu, njengokongeza iisinki zobushushu kunye nokusebenzisa imijelo yokupholisa, ukuphucula amandla okuphelisa ubushushu be-spindle kunye nokunciphisa ukunyuka kobushushu.
Lungiselela indlela yokuthambisa kunye nokukhethwa kwe-lubricant ye-spindle ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kobushushu obunzima kunye nokunciphisa ukunyuka kobushushu.
Yamkela inkqubo yokujonga ubushushu kunye nenkqubo yokulawula ukujonga utshintsho lobushushu be-spindle ngexesha langempela. Xa iqondo lobushushu lidlula ixabiso elibekiweyo, inkqubo yokupholisa iqaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo okanye kuthathwe amanye amanyathelo okupholisa. - Ukunxiba ukuphuculwa kokumelana
Yenza unyango olungaphezulu kwiindawo ezigugile ngokulula ze-spindle, ezifana nokucinywa, i-carburizing, i-nitriding, njl., Ukuphucula ukuqina komphezulu kunye nokumelana nokunxiba.
Khetha isixhobo esifanelekileyo sokusika kunye neendlela zokufakela i-workpiece ukunciphisa ukuguga kwi-spindle.
Gcina i-spindle rhoqo kwaye ubuyisele iindawo ezigugileyo kwangethuba ukuze ugcine umsonto ukwimeko entle.
IV. Ukuqukumbela
Ukusebenza kwecandelo le-spindle lomatshini wokugaya we-CNC uhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nomgangatho wokucubungula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yesixhobo somatshini. Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeshishini lemveliso yanamhlanje yokuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kuyafuneka ukuba ube nokuqonda okunzulu kweemfuno zecandelo lokuphotha koomatshini bokungqusha be-CNC kunye nokwenza uyilo oluphuculweyo. Ngokusebenzisa imilinganiselo efana nokulungelelaniswa kwesakhiwo, ukukhetha ukuthwala kunye nokwenza ngcono, uyilo lokumelana nokungcangcazela, ukulawula ukunyuka kobushushu, kunye nokuphuculwa kokumelana nokunxiba, ukuchaneka kokujikeleza, ukuqina, ukuxhathisa ukungcangcazela, ukusebenza kokunyuka kobushushu, kunye nokunganyangeki kwecandelo lokuphotha kunokuphuculwa, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza ngokubanzi kunye nomgangatho wokusetyenzwa komatshini wokusila we-CNC. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, ngokweemfuno ezithile zokusetyenzwa kunye neempawu zesakhiwo sesixhobo somatshini, izinto ezahlukeneyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye iskimu esifanelekileyo sokuphucula kufuneka sikhethwe ukufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwecandelo lokuphotha koomatshini bokugaya be-CNC.
Ukusebenza kwecandelo le-spindle lomatshini wokugaya we-CNC uhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nomgangatho wokucubungula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yesixhobo somatshini. Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeshishini lemveliso yanamhlanje yokuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kuyafuneka ukuba ube nokuqonda okunzulu kweemfuno zecandelo lokuphotha koomatshini bokungqusha be-CNC kunye nokwenza uyilo oluphuculweyo. Ngokusebenzisa imilinganiselo efana nokulungelelaniswa kwesakhiwo, ukukhetha ukuthwala kunye nokwenza ngcono, uyilo lokumelana nokungcangcazela, ukulawula ukunyuka kobushushu, kunye nokuphuculwa kokumelana nokunxiba, ukuchaneka kokujikeleza, ukuqina, ukuxhathisa ukungcangcazela, ukusebenza kokunyuka kobushushu, kunye nokunganyangeki kwecandelo lokuphotha kunokuphuculwa, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza ngokubanzi kunye nomgangatho wokusetyenzwa komatshini wokusila we-CNC. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, ngokweemfuno ezithile zokusetyenzwa kunye neempawu zesakhiwo sesixhobo somatshini, izinto ezahlukeneyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye iskimu esifanelekileyo sokuphucula kufuneka sikhethwe ukufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwecandelo lokuphotha koomatshini bokugaya be-CNC.