"Ingcaciso ebanzi yoBumemo kunye neeMfuno zeNkqubo yeServo yamaZiko oMatshini"
I. Ukuqulunqwa kwenkqubo ye-servo yamaziko omatshini
Kumaziko omatshini anamhlanje, inkqubo ye-servo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Iqulunqwe ngeesekethe ze-servo, izixhobo zokuqhuba i-servo, iindlela zokuhambisa ngoomatshini, kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo.
Umsebenzi ophambili wenkqubo ye-servo kukufumana isantya sokutya kunye nemiqondiso yomyalelo wokufuduka ekhutshwe yinkqubo yolawulo lwamanani. Okokuqala, isekethe ye-servo drive iya kwenza ukuguqulwa okuthile kunye nokukhulisa amandla kule miqondiso yomyalelo. Ke, ngezixhobo zokuqhuba i-servo ezinjengeemotor ze-stepper, ii-DC servo motors, ii-AC servo motors, njl.njl., kunye neendlela zokuhambisa ngoomatshini, izinto ezisebenzayo ezinje ngesixhobo somatshini sokusebenza kunye ne-spindle headstock ziqhutywa ukufezekisa ukutya komsebenzi kunye nokuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Kunokuthiwa kumatshini wokulawula amanani, isixhobo se-CNC sifana "nobuchopho" obukhupha imiyalelo, ngelixa inkqubo ye-servo yindlela yokulawula, njenge "imilenze" yomshini wokulawula amanani, kwaye inokuphumeza ngokuchanekileyo imiyalelo yentshukumo evela kwisixhobo se-CNC.
Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zokuqhuba zezixhobo zoomatshini ngokubanzi, inkqubo ye-servo yamaziko omatshini inomahluko obalulekileyo. Inokulawula ngokuchanekileyo isantya sentshukumo kunye nesikhundla samacandelo asebenzayo ngokwemiqondiso yomyalelo, kwaye inokuqonda intshukumo yentshukumo edityaniswe ngamacandelo asebenzayo ahamba ngokwemigaqo ethile. Oku kufuna ukuba inkqubo ye-servo ibe nenqanaba eliphezulu lokuchaneka, uzinzo, kunye nokukwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza.
Kumaziko omatshini anamhlanje, inkqubo ye-servo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Iqulunqwe ngeesekethe ze-servo, izixhobo zokuqhuba i-servo, iindlela zokuhambisa ngoomatshini, kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo.
Umsebenzi ophambili wenkqubo ye-servo kukufumana isantya sokutya kunye nemiqondiso yomyalelo wokufuduka ekhutshwe yinkqubo yolawulo lwamanani. Okokuqala, isekethe ye-servo drive iya kwenza ukuguqulwa okuthile kunye nokukhulisa amandla kule miqondiso yomyalelo. Ke, ngezixhobo zokuqhuba i-servo ezinjengeemotor ze-stepper, ii-DC servo motors, ii-AC servo motors, njl.njl., kunye neendlela zokuhambisa ngoomatshini, izinto ezisebenzayo ezinje ngesixhobo somatshini sokusebenza kunye ne-spindle headstock ziqhutywa ukufezekisa ukutya komsebenzi kunye nokuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Kunokuthiwa kumatshini wokulawula amanani, isixhobo se-CNC sifana "nobuchopho" obukhupha imiyalelo, ngelixa inkqubo ye-servo yindlela yokulawula, njenge "imilenze" yomshini wokulawula amanani, kwaye inokuphumeza ngokuchanekileyo imiyalelo yentshukumo evela kwisixhobo se-CNC.
Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zokuqhuba zezixhobo zoomatshini ngokubanzi, inkqubo ye-servo yamaziko omatshini inomahluko obalulekileyo. Inokulawula ngokuchanekileyo isantya sentshukumo kunye nesikhundla samacandelo asebenzayo ngokwemiqondiso yomyalelo, kwaye inokuqonda intshukumo yentshukumo edityaniswe ngamacandelo asebenzayo ahamba ngokwemigaqo ethile. Oku kufuna ukuba inkqubo ye-servo ibe nenqanaba eliphezulu lokuchaneka, uzinzo, kunye nokukwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza.
II. Iimfuno zeenkqubo ze-servo
- Ukuchaneka okuphezulu
Oomatshini bolawulo lwamanani baqhuba ngokuzenzekelayo ngokwenkqubo eqingqwe kwangaphambili. Ke ngoko, ukwenza umsebenzi ochanekileyo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu, inkqubo ye-servo ngokwayo kufuneka ibe nokuchaneka okuphezulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuchaneka kufuneka kufikelele kwinqanaba le-micron. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwimveliso yanamhlanje, iimfuno ezichanekileyo zezixhobo zokusebenza ziya zinyuka ngokunyuka. Ngokukodwa kwimimandla efana ne-aerospace, ukuveliswa kweemoto, kunye nezixhobo zombane, nokuba impazamo encinci inokukhokelela kwimiphumo emibi.
Ukufezekisa ulawulo oluchanekileyo oluphezulu, inkqubo ye-servo idinga ukwamkela itekhnoloji ye-sensor ephezulu efana ne-encoders kunye ne-grating rula ukujonga indawo kunye nesantya samacandelo asebenzayo ngexesha langempela. Kwangaxeshanye, isixhobo sokuqhuba i-servo sikwafuna ukuba ne-algorithm yokulawula ngokuchanekileyo ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo isantya kunye ne-torque yemoto. Ukongeza, ukuchaneka kwendlela yokuhambisa ngoomatshini nako kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekuchanekeni kwenkqubo ye-servo. Ke ngoko, xa uyila kunye nokuvelisa amaziko omatshini, kuyafuneka ukuba ukhethe amacandelo othumelo oluchanekileyo olufana nezikrufu zebhola kunye nezikhokelo zomgca ukuqinisekisa iimfuno ezichanekileyo zenkqubo ye-servo. - Ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza
Ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza yenye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo zomgangatho oguqukayo wenkqubo ye-servo. Ifuna ukuba inkqubo ye-servo inempazamo encinci elandelayo emva komqondiso womyalelo, kwaye inempendulo ekhawulezayo kunye nokuzinza okulungileyo. Ngokukodwa, kuyafuneka ukuba emva kwegalelo elinikeziweyo, inkqubo inokufikelela okanye ibuyisele imo yasekuqaleni ezinzileyo ngexesha elifutshane, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-200ms okanye ininzi yee-milliseconds.
Ukukwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye nomgangatho wokucubungula wamaziko omatshini. Kwi-high-speed machining, ixesha loqhagamshelwano phakathi kwesixhobo kunye ne-workpiece lifutshane kakhulu. Inkqubo ye-servo idinga ukukwazi ukuphendula kwisignali yomyalelo ngokukhawuleza kwaye ilungise isikhundla kunye nesantya sesixhobo sokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokucubungula kunye nomgangatho ophezulu. Kwangaxeshanye, xa kusetyenzwa ii-workpieces ezinemilo entsonkothileyo, inkqubo ye-servo kufuneka ikwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho lwemiqondiso yomyalelo kwaye iqonde ulawulo lonxibelelwano lwe-multi-axis ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Ukuphucula amandla okuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwenkqubo ye-servo, izixhobo eziphezulu ze-servo drive kunye ne-algorithms zokulawula kufuneka zamkelwe. Ngokomzekelo, ukusebenzisa ii-motor ze-AC servo, ezinesantya sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, i-torque enkulu, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lolawulo lwesantya, zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-high-speed machine zamaziko omatshini. Kwangaxeshanye, ukwamkela i-algorithms yolawulo oluphambili olunje ngolawulo lwe-PID, ulawulo olufifizayo, kunye nolawulo lwenethiwekhi ye-neural kunokuphucula isantya sokuphendula kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo ye-servo. - Uluhlu olukhulu lolawulo lwesantya
Ngenxa yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokusika, izixhobo zokusebenza, kunye neemfuno zokucubungula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini bokulawula amanani banokufumana iimeko ezingcono zokusika phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko, inkqubo ye-servo kufuneka ibe noluhlu olwaneleyo lokulawula isantya. Iyakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomatshini wesantya esiphezulu kunye neemfuno zokutya ezinesantya esiphantsi.
Kwi-high-speed machining, inkqubo ye-servo kufuneka ikwazi ukubonelela ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nokukhawuleza ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Ngelixa ukondla okunesantya esisezantsi, inkqubo ye-servo kufuneka ikwazi ukubonelela nge-torque ezinzileyo enesantya esiphantsi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuchaneka kokusebenza kunye nomgangatho womphezulu. Ke ngoko, uluhlu lolawulo lwesantya senkqubo ye-servo lufuna ukufikelela kumawaka aliqela okanye amashumi amawaka ohlaziyo ngomzuzu.
Ukufezekisa uluhlu olukhulu lolawulo lwesantya, izixhobo ze-servo drive ephezulu kunye neendlela zokulawula isantya kufuneka zamkelwe. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji yokulawula isantya sesantya se-AC kunokuqonda ukulawulwa kwesantya esinganyangekiyo semoto, enoluhlu olubanzi lolawulo lwesantya, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu, kunye nokuthembeka okulungileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukwamkela i-algorithms yolawulo oluphambili olunjengolawulo lwe-vector kunye nolawulo oluthe ngqo lwetorque kunokuphucula ukusebenza kommiselo wesantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemoto. - Ukuthembeka okuphezulu
Umlinganiselo wokusebenza koomatshini bokulawula amanani uphezulu kakhulu, yaye ngokufuthi basebenza ngokuqhubekayo iiyure ezingama-24. Ngoko ke, kufuneka basebenze ngokuthembekileyo. Ukuthembeka kwenkqubo kaninzi kusekelwe kwixabiso eliqhelekileyo lobude bezithuba zexesha phakathi kokusilela, oko kukuthi, ixesha eliqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokusilela. Ukuba lide eli xesha, kungcono.
Ukuphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo ye-servo, amacandelo akumgangatho ophezulu kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa eziphambili kufuneka zamkelwe. Ngelo xesha, uvavanyo oluqinileyo kunye nokulawulwa komgangatho wenkqubo ye-servo iyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwayo okuzinzile nokuthembekileyo. Ukongeza, ukuyila okungafunekiyo kunye neetekhnoloji zokuxilonga impazamo kufuneka zamkelwe ukuphucula ukunyamezela iimpazamo kunye nezakhono zokuxilongwa kweempazamo zesistim ukuze ikwazi ukulungiswa ngexesha xa impazamo isenzeka kwaye iqinisekise ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweziko lomatshini. - Itorque enkulu ngesantya esiphantsi
Oomatshini bokulawula amanani badla ngokwenza ukusika okunzima ngesantya esiphantsi. Ngoko ke, inkqubo ye-servo yokutya iyadingeka ukuba ibe nemveliso enkulu ye-torque ngesantya esiphantsi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusika ukucutshungulwa.
Ngexesha lokusika okunzima, amandla okusika phakathi kwesixhobo kunye ne-workpiece inkulu kakhulu. Inkqubo ye-servo kufuneka ikwazi ukubonelela nge-torque eyaneleyo ukunqoba amandla okusika kunye nokuqinisekisa inkqubela phambili egudileyo yokucubungula. Ukufezekisa i-high-speed high-torque output, izixhobo eziphezulu ze-servo drive kunye neenjini kufuneka zamkelwe. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa iimotor ze-synchronous zemagnethi ezisisigxina, ezinoxinano oluphezulu lwetorque, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuthembeka okulungileyo, zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezinesantya esiphezulu setorque yamaziko omatshini. Kwangaxeshanye, ukwamkela i-algorithms yolawulo oluphambili olunjengolawulo lwetorque ngokuthe ngqo kunokuphucula amandla okukhutshwa kwetorque kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemoto.
Ukuqukumbela, inkqubo ye-servo yamaziko omatshini iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoomatshini bokulawula amanani. Ukusebenza kwayo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka kokulungiswa, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuthembeka kwamaziko omatshini. Ke ngoko, xa kuyilwa kunye nokuvelisa amaziko omatshini, ukubunjwa kunye neemfuno zenkqubo ye-servo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ubugcisa obuphambili kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zikhethwe ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nomgangatho wenkqubo ye-servo kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lwemveliso yanamhlanje.