Iindaba - Hlalutya izinto ezintathu eziphambili ezifuna umlinganiselo wokuchaneka xa uhambisa iziko lomatshini le-CNC.

Uhlalutyo lweMiba ePhambili kwi-Precision Acceptance of CNC Machining Centres

I-Abstract: Eli phepha lichaza ngokubanzi izinto ezintathu eziphambili ezifunekayo ukuba zilinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo xa kuhanjiswa amaziko omatshini e-CNC, oko kukuthi ukuchaneka kwejometri, ukuchaneka kwendawo, kunye nokusika ukuchaneka. Ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo olunzulu lwezinto ezidityanisiweyo zento nganye echanekileyo, imixholo yokuhlola, izixhobo zokuhlola ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, kunye nezilumkiso zokuhlola, inika isikhokelo esibanzi nesicwangcisiweyo sokwamkelwa komsebenzi wamaziko omatshini we-CNC, onceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amaziko omatshini asebenza kakuhle kunye nokuchaneka xa zisiwa ukuze zisetyenziswe, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezichanekileyo zokusetyenzwa kwemveliso yemveliso.

I. Intshayelelo

Njengesinye sezixhobo ezingundoqo kwimveliso yanamhlanje, ukuchaneka kwamaziko omatshini e-CNC kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wezinto zokusebenza ezicutshungulwayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Ngexesha lokuhanjiswa, kubalulekile ukwenza imilinganiselo ebanzi kunye neyobuchule kunye nokwamkelwa kokuchaneka kwejometri, ukuchaneka kokubeka, kunye nokusika ukuchaneka. Oku akuhambelani kuphela nokuthembeka kwezixhobo xa ziqala ukusetyenziswa, kodwa kunye nesiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo sokusebenza kwayo okuzinzile kwexesha elide kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu.

II. UHlolo lweGeometric Precision yeCNC Machining Centres

(I) Izinto zokuHlola kunye neNgcaciso

Ukuthatha iziko lomatshini eliqhelekileyo elithe nkqo njengomzekelo, uhlolo lwayo oluchanekileyo lwejometri lubandakanya iinkalo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo.

Ukuthe tyaba koMphezulu oSebenzayo: Njengesalathiso sokugoba sezinto zokusebenza, ukuthe tyaba kwendawo enokusetyenzwa kuyo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukufakela kwezinto zokusebenza kunye nomgangatho weplani emva kokulungiswa. Ukuba ukuthe tyaba kugqithise ukunyamezelana, iingxaki ezinjengobungqingqwa obungalinganiyo kunye noburhabaxa bomhlaba obuwohlokayo ziya kwenzeka xa kusetyenzwa iiplani zokusebenza ezicwangcisiweyo.
IPerpendicularity eDityanisiweyo yeeNtshukumo kumkhombandlela woLungelelwaniso ngalunye: Ukutenxa kwiperpendicularity phakathi kwe-X, Y, no-Z yolungelelaniso lweeks iya kubangela 扭曲变形 kwisithuba semilo yejiyometri yomsebenzi ogqityiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa usila i-cuboid workpiece, imiphetho ye-perpendicular yasekuqaleni iya kuba nokuphambuka kwe-angular, echaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwendibano yomsebenzi.
I-Parallelism ye-Worktable Surface ngexesha le-Movements kwi-X kunye ne-Y yokulungelelanisa izikhokelo: Le parallelism iqinisekisa ukuba ubudlelwane bendawo ehambelanayo phakathi kwesixhobo sokusika kunye ne-worktable surface ihlala ihleli xa isixhobo sihamba kwi-X kunye ne-Y indiza. Ngaphandle koko, ngexesha lokugaya iplani, izibonelelo ezingalinganiyo zomatshini ziya kwenzeka, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni komgangatho womphezulu kunye nokuguga okugqithisileyo kwesixhobo sokusika.
Ukuhambelana kwecala le-T-slot kwi-Worktable Surface ngexesha le-Movement kwi-X Coordinate Direction: Kwimisebenzi yomatshini efuna ukulungiswa kwe-fixture usebenzisa i-T-slot, ukuchaneka kolu nxu lumano kuhambelana nokuchaneka kofakelo lwe-fixture, okuchaphazela ukuchaneka kokumisa kunye nokuchaneka kwe-machining ye-workpiece.
I-Axial Runout ye-Spindle: I-axial runout ye-spindle iya kubangela ukufuduka okuncinci kwesixhobo sokusika kwi-axial direction. Ngexesha lokugaya, ukudinwa kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokutshiza, kuya kubangela iimpazamo kubukhulu bomngxuma ubukhulu, ukuwohloka kwe-cylindricity yomngxuma, kunye nokwanda koburhabaxa bomhlaba.
I-Radial Runout ye-Spindle Bore: Ichaphazela ukuchaneka kwe-clamping yesixhobo sokusika, kubangela ukuba indawo ye-radial yesixhobo ingazinzi ngexesha lokujikeleza. Xa ukugaya isangqa sangaphandle okanye imingxuma ekruqulayo, iya kwandisa impazamo yokumila kwecontour yecandelo lomatshini, kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukujikeleza kunye necylindricity.
Ukudityaniswa kwe-Spindle Axis xa iBhokisi yeSpindle Ihamba ecaleni kwe-Z Coordinate Direction: Esi salathisi sichanekile sibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuhambelana kwendawo ehambelanayo phakathi kwesixhobo sokusika kunye nesixhobo sokusebenza xa kusetyenzwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-Z-axis. Ukuba i-parallelism ayilunganga, ubunzulu bomatshini obungalinganiyo buya kwenzeka ngexesha lokusila okunzulu okanye ukudika.
I-Perpendicularity ye-Spindle Rotation Axis ukuya kwi-Worktable Surface: Kumaziko omatshini amileyo, le perpendicularity inquma ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka kweendawo ezithe nkqo kunye neendawo ezithambekileyo. Ukuba kukho ukutenxa, iingxaki ezinje ngeendawo ezithe nkqo ezingekho phantsi kwe-perpendicular kunye nee-engile zomphezulu ezithambekileyo ezingachanekanga ziya kwenzeka.
Ukuthe tye kweBhokisi ye-Spindle Movement ecaleni kwe-Z Coordinate Direction: Impazamo ethe tye iya kubangela ukuba isixhobo sokusika siphambuke kwindlela efanelekileyo ethe tye ngexesha lokuhamba ecaleni kwe-Z-axis. Xa usenza imingxunya enzulu okanye imigangatho emininzi, iya kubangela iimpazamo ze-coaxiality phakathi kwamanyathelo kunye neempazamo zokuthi tye kwemingxuma.

(II) Izixhobo zokuHlola ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo

Ukuhlolwa ngokuchanekileyo kwejometri kufuna ukusetyenziswa koluhlu lwezixhobo zokuhlola ezichanekileyo. Amanqanaba okuchaneka angasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa umgangatho womgangatho osebenzayo kunye nokuthe tye kunye nokuhambelana kwindlela nganye yokulungelelanisa i-axis; iibhokisi zesikwere ezichanekileyo, izikwere ze-right-angle, kunye neerula ezihambelanayo zinokunceda ekuboneni i-perpendicularity kunye ne-parallelism; iityhubhu zokukhanya ezihambelanayo zinokubonelela ngemigca echanekileyo yereferensi ephezulu yokulinganisa uthelekiso; izikhombisi zokudayela kunye ne-micrometers zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukulinganisa ukufuduka okuncinci okuncinci kunye nokubaleka, okufana ne-axial runout kunye ne-radial runout ye-spindle; imivalo yovavanyo oluchanekileyo oluphezulu luhlala lusetyenziselwa ukubona ukuchaneka kwe-spindle bore kunye nobudlelwane bendawo phakathi kwe-spindle kunye ne-axes yokulungelelanisa.

(III) Amanyathelo okuHlola

Ukuhlolwa kokuchaneka kwejometri kumaziko omatshini eCNC kufuneka kugqitywe ngexesha elinye emva kohlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo lwamaziko omatshini eCNC. Oku kungenxa yokuba kukho ubudlelwane obudibeneyo kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezalathi ezahlukeneyo zokuchaneka kwejometri. Ngokomzekelo, i-flatness ye-worktable surface kunye ne-parallelism yokuhamba kwee-axes zokulungelelanisa kunokukhawulelana. Ukulungelelanisa into enye inokuba ne-chain reaction kwezinye izinto ezinxulumeneyo. Ukuba into enye iyalungiswa kwaye ihlolwe nganye nganye, kunzima ukucacisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba ukuchaneka kwejometri ngokubanzi kuyahlangabezana ngokwenene neemfuno, kwaye akukho luncedo ekufumaneni unobangela wokuchaneka kokuchaneka kunye nokuqhuba uhlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo kunye nokulungiswa.

III. UkuHlolwa kokuFaneka kokuFaneka kwamaZiko oMatshini we-CNC

(I) Inkcazo kunye neMiba yokuPhembelela iSimo sokuChaneka

Ukuchaneka kokuma kubhekiselele kwindawo yokuchaneka ukuba i-axis yokulungelelanisa nganye yeziko lomatshini le-CNC inokufikelela phantsi kolawulo lwesixhobo sokulawula amanani. Ikakhulu ixhomekeke ekuchanekeni kolawulo lwenkqubo yolawulo lwamanani kunye neempazamo zenkqubo yokuhanjiswa komatshini. Isisombululo senkqubo yolawulo lwamanani, i-interpolation algorithms, kunye nokuchaneka kwezixhobo zokubona impendulo zonke ziya kuba nefuthe ekumiseni ukuchaneka. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-mechanical transmission, izinto ezifana nempazamo ye-pitch ye-screw ye-lead screw, ukucocwa phakathi kwe-screw ye-lead kunye ne-nut, ukuchaneka kunye nokukhuhlana komzila wesikhokelo kwakhona kumisela ubukhulu becala izinga lokuchaneka kokumisa.

(II) Imixholo yoHlolo

Ukumisa ukuchaneka kunye nokuRepetitive Positioning Precision ye-Linear Motion Axis nganye: Ukuchaneka kwendawo kubonisa uluhlu lokutenxa phakathi kwendawo eyalelweyo kunye neyona ndawo ifikelelweyo ye-axis yolungelelaniso, ngelixa ukuphindaphinda ukuchaneka kokumisa kubonisa iqondo lokusasazwa kwesikhundla xa i-axis yokulungelelanisa ihamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwindawo efanayo eyalelweyo. Umzekelo, xa usenza i-contour milling, ukuchaneka kokuma okungalunganga kuya kubangela ukutenxa phakathi komatshini wobume becontour kunye necontour eyiliweyo, kunye nokuphindaphinda ukuchaneka okuphindaphindayo kuya kukhokelela kwiitrajectories zikamatshini ezingahambelaniyo xa kusetyenzwa icontour efanayo amaxesha amaninzi, kuchaphazela umgangatho womphezulu kunye nokuchaneka komda.
UkuBuyisela Ukuchaneka kweMveliso yeMechanical ye-Linear Motion Axis nganye: Imvelaphi yomatshini yindawo yokubhekisela kwi-axis yokulungelelanisa, kwaye ukuchaneka kwayo ngokuchanekileyo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka kwendawo yokuqala ye-axis yokulungelelanisa emva kokuba isixhobo somatshini sinikwe amandla okanye umsebenzi wokubuyisela u-zero uyenziwa. Ukuba ukuchaneka kwembuyekezo akukho phezulu, kunokukhokelela ekuphambukeni phakathi kwemvelaphi yenkqubo yokulungelelanisa i-workpiece kwi-machining elandelayo kunye nemvelaphi eyiliweyo, okukhokelela kwiimpazamo zendawo ezicwangcisiweyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yomatshini.
Ukubuyela umva kwe-Axis ye-Linear Motion Axis: Xa i-axis yokulungelelanisa itshintsha phakathi kweentshukumo ezihamba phambili kunye nokubuyisela umva, ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokucocwa phakathi kwamacandelo okuhanjiswa komatshini kunye notshintsho kwi-friction, i-backlash iya kwenzeka. Kwimisebenzi yomatshini kunye neentshukumo rhoqo ezihamba phambili kunye nokubuyisela umva, njengemicu yokugaya okanye ukwenza i-contour machining ephindaphindayo, i-backlash iya kubangela "inyathelo" -iziphoso ezinjenge-machining trajectory, ezichaphazela ukuchaneka komatshini kunye nomgangatho ophezulu.
Ukumisa ukuchaneka kunye nokuRepetitive Positioning Precision ye-Rotary Motion Axis nganye (i-Rotary Worktable): Kumaziko omatshini aneetafile ezijikelezayo, ukuchaneka kokubeka kunye nokuphindaphinda ukuchaneka kokuma kwee-axes ezijikelezayo zibalulekile kumatshini wokusebenza kunye nesalathisi sesetyhula okanye i-multi-station processing. Umzekelo, xa kusetyenzwa izixhobo zokusebenza ezineempawu ezintsonkothileyo zokusasazwa kwesetyhula ezifana neencakuba zeinjini yomoya, ukuchaneka kwe-axis ejikelezayo kuqinisekisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka kwe-angular kunye nokusabalalisa okufanayo phakathi kweencakuba.
UkuBuyisela Ukuchaneka kweMvelaphi ye-Axis ye-Rotary Motion Axis: Ngokufana ne-axis ye-motion ye-linear, ukuchaneka kokubuyiswa kwemvelaphi ye-rotary motion axis ichaphazela ukuchaneka kwendawo yayo yokuqala ye-angular emva kokusebenza kokubuyisela i-zero, kwaye kuyisiseko esibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwe-multi-station processing okanye i-circular indexing processing.
Ukubuyela umva kwe-Axis ye-Rotary Motion Axis: I-backlash eyenziwe xa i-axis ejikelezayo itshintsha phakathi kokujikeleza kwangaphambili kunye nokujikelezayo kuya kubangela ukuphambuka kwe-angular xa umatshini we-contours ojikelezayo okanye wenza i-indexing ye-angular, echaphazela ukuchaneka kwemilo kunye nokuchaneka kwendawo yomsebenzi.

(III) Iindlela zokuHlola kunye neZixhobo

Ukuhlolwa kokuchaneka kokubeka ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha izixhobo zokuhlola ezichanekileyo ezifana ne-laser interferometers kunye nezikali zokugaya. I-laser interferometer ilinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ukufuduka kwe-axis yokulungelelanisa ngokukhupha i-laser beam kunye nokulinganisa utshintsho kwimida yayo yokuphazamiseka, ukuze ufumane izikhombisi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokuchaneka kokubeka, ukuphindaphinda ukuchaneka kokubeka, kunye nokubuyela umva. Isikali se-grating sifakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-axis yokulungelelanisa, kwaye ibuyisela ulwazi lwendawo ye-axis yokulungelelanisa ngokufunda utshintsho kwimizila ye-grating, engasetyenziselwa ukubeka iliso kwi-intanethi kunye nokuhlolwa kweeparameters ezinxulumene nokuchaneka kwendawo.

IV. Ukusika uHlolo oluchanekileyo lwamaziko oMatshini we-CNC

(I) Ubume kunye nokubaluleka kokuSika ukuchaneka

Ukuchaneka kokusika kwiziko lomatshini lwe-CNC kukuchaneka okubanzi, okubonisa inqanaba lokuchaneka komatshini ukuba isixhobo somatshini sinokufikelela kwinkqubo yokusika ngokucokisekileyo ngokucokisekileyo izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokuchaneka kwejometri, ukuchaneka kokubeka, ukusebenza kwesixhobo sokusika, ukusika iiparitha, kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo yenkqubo. Ukuhlolwa ngokuchanekileyo kokusika kukuqinisekiswa kokugqibela kokusebenza ngokubanzi kwesixhobo somatshini kwaye kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokuba i-workpiece ecutshungulwayo inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuyila.

(II) Ukuhlelwa koHlolo kunye neziqulatho

Ukuhlolwa koMatshini omnye oLudwe
- Ukuchaneka okuBoring - Ukujikeleza, i-Cylindricity: Ukudika yinkqubo eqhelekileyo yomatshini kumaziko omatshini. Ukujikeleza kunye ne-cylindricity yomngxuma obhokile kubonisa ngokuthe ngqo inqanaba elichanekileyo lesixhobo somatshini xa i-rotary kunye ne-linear motions isebenza kunye. Iimpazamo zokujikeleza ziya kukhokelela kubukhulu obungalinganiyo bomngxunya, kwaye iimpazamo ze-cylindricity ziya kubangela ukuba i-axis yomngxuma igobe, ichaphazela ukuchaneka okufanelekileyo kunye nezinye iindawo.
- I-Flatness kunye ne-Step Difference ye-Planar Milling kunye ne-End Mills: Xa ukugaya inqwelomoya kunye ne-end Mill, i-flatness ibonisa ukuhambelana phakathi kwendawo esebenzayo kunye nenqwelo-moya yentshukumo yesixhobo kunye nokunxiba okufanayo kwecala lokusika isixhobo, ngelixa umehluko wesinyathelo ubonisa ukuhambelana kobunzulu bokusika isixhobo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokugaya. Ukuba kukho umehluko wesinyathelo, kubonisa ukuba kukho iingxaki kunye nokuhamba okufanayo kwesixhobo somatshini kwi-X kunye ne-Y indiza.
- I-Perpendicularity kunye ne-Parallelism ye-Side Milling kunye ne-End Mills: Xa ukugaya umphezulu wecala, i-perpendicularity kunye ne-parallelism ngokulandelanayo ivavanya i-perpendicularity phakathi kwe-axis yokujikeleza kwe-spindle kunye ne-axis yolungelelaniso kunye nobudlelwane obuhambelanayo phakathi kwesixhobo kunye nomphezulu wesalathiso xa usika kumphezulu wecala, obaluleke kakhulu kwimilo yecala yokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komphezulu womsebenzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komgangatho womsebenzi.
UHlolo oluchanekileyo lokuSebenzisa uMgangatho woVavanyo oluBanzi oluBanzi
- Imixholo yokuSika uHlolo oluchanekileyo kumaZiko oShishino oHorizontal
  - Ukuchaneka kwe-Bore Hole Spacing - kwi-X-axis Direction, i-Y-axis Direction, i-Diagonal Direction, kunye ne-Hole Diameter Deviation: Ukuchaneka kwesithuba somngxuma we-bore kuvavanya ngokubanzi ukuchaneka kokumisa isixhobo somatshini kwi-X kunye ne-Y indiza kunye nokukwazi ukulawula ukuchaneka kwe-dimensional kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukutenxa kwidayamitha yomngxuma ngakumbi kubonisa ukuzinza okuchanekileyo kwenkqubo ekruqulayo.
  - Ukuthe tye, ukuFanana, ukuMahluko wokuThimba, kunye ne-Perpendicularity yokuMila iiNdawo eziNgqongileyo kunye neeMill zokuphela: Ngokugaya iindawo ezijikelezileyo kunye neengcingo zokuphela, ubudlelwane obuchanekileyo bendawo yesixhobo esinxulumene neendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-workpiece zingabonwa ngexesha lokudibanisa i-multi-axis machining. Ukuthe tye, ukuhambelana, kunye ne-perpendicularity ngokulandelelana kuvavanya ukuchaneka kwemilo yejometri phakathi kwemiphezulu, kwaye umahluko wobunzima ubonisa ukuchaneka kokulawula ubunzulu besixhobo kwicala le-axis ye-Z.
  - Ukuthi tye, ukuNxibelelana, kunye nePerpendicularity ye-Two-axis Linkage Milling of Straight Lines: Ukudibanisa imigca edibanisa imigca emibini yemigca ethe tye ngumsebenzi osisiseko womatshini wecontour. Olu hlolo luchanekileyo lunokuvavanya ukuchaneka kwendlela yesixhobo somatshini xa i-X kunye ne-Y axes ihamba ngolungelelwaniso, edlala indima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni ukuchaneka kwezinto zokusebenza zomatshini ezinemilo eyahlukeneyo yecontour ethe tye.
  - Ukujikeleza kwe-Arc Milling kunye ne-End Mills: Ukuchaneka kwe-arc milling ikakhulu kuvavanya ukuchaneka kwesixhobo somatshini ngexesha le-arc interpolation motion. Iimpazamo zokujikeleza ziyakuchaphazela ukuchaneka kwemilo yee-workpieces ezineekhonto ze-arc, ezifana nezindlu zokuthwala kunye neegiya.

(III) Imiqathango kunye neeMfuno zokuSika uHlolo oluchanekileyo

Ukuhlolwa ngokuchanekileyo kokusika kufuneka kwenziwe emva kokuba ukuchaneka kwejometri kunye nokubeka indawo yesixhobo somatshini samkelwe njengento efanelekileyo. Izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokusika, iiparamitha zokusika, kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza kufuneka zikhethwe. Izixhobo zokusika kufuneka zibe nobukhali obuhle kunye nokumelana nokugqoka, kwaye iiparitha zokusika kufuneka zikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokuhambelana nokusebenza kwesixhobo somatshini, izinto eziphathekayo zesixhobo sokusika, kunye nempahla yokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukuchaneka kokwenyaniso kwesixhobo somatshini kuhlolwa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusika. Okwangoku, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlola, i-workpiece esetyenzisiweyo kufuneka ilinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo ezifana nokulungelelanisa oomatshini bokulinganisa kunye neprofilometers kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kunye nokuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo izibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo zokusika ukuchaneka.

V. Isiphelo

Ukuhlolwa kokuchaneka kwejometri, ukuchaneka kokubeka, kunye nokusika ukuchaneka xa uhambisa amaziko omatshini we-CNC likhonkco eliphambili lokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo zoomatshini. Ukuchaneka kwejometri kunika isiqinisekiso sokuchaneka okusisiseko kwezixhobo zoomatshini, ukuchaneka kwendawo kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwezixhobo zoomatshini ekulawuleni ukunyakaza, kunye nokusika ukuchaneka kukuhlolwa okubanzi kobuchule bokusebenza ngokubanzi kwezixhobo zomatshini. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokwamkelwa kwangempela, kuyimfuneko ukulandela ngokungqongqo imigangatho kunye neenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo, ukwamkela izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlola kunye neendlela, kunye nokulinganisa ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokuvavanya izibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo ezichanekileyo. Kuphela kuxa zonke ezi mfuno zintathu zichanekileyo zihlangatyezwana nazo apho iziko lomatshini le-CNC linokuthi lifakwe ngokusemthethweni kwimveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezichanekileyo eziphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokusetyenzwa kwemveliso kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwemveliso yemizi-mveliso ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu kunye nokuchaneka okukhulu. Okwangoku, ukuhlaziya rhoqo kunye nokulinganisa ukuchaneka kweziko lomatshini kwakhona kuyimilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo okuzinzile kwexesha elide kunye nokuthembeka okuqhubekayo kokuchaneka kwayo komatshini.